Top.Mail.Ru
искать
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY. ENGINEERING-GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Advances in operational permafrost monitoring on Svalbard and in Norway

Авторы
ИСАКСЕН К.Норвежский метеорологический институт, Осло, Норвегия
ЛУТЦ Дж.Норвежский метеорологический институт, Осло, Норвегия
СОРЕНСЕН А.М. Норвежский метеорологический институт, Осло, Норвегия
ГОДОЙ О.Норвежский метеорологический институт, Осло, Норвегия
ФЕРРИГИ Л.Норвежский метеорологический институт, Осло, Норвегия
ИСТВУД С.Норвежский метеорологический институт, Осло, Норвегия
ААБОЭ С.Норвежский метеорологический институт, Тромсё, Норвегия

Abstract: We present a slightly abridged and adapted translation of the paper “Advances in operational permafrost monitoring on Svalbard and in Norway” by Norwegian researchers (Isaksen et al., 2022). It was published in the journal “Environmental Research Letters” by the publishing company of the British scientific society “Institute of Physics” (IOP) that is now virtually international. It is an open access article under the CC BY 4.0 license that allows it to be distributed, translated, adapted, and supplemented, provided that the types of changes are noted and the original source is referred to. In our case, the full reference to the original paper (Isaksen et al., 2022) used for the presented translation is given in the end. The cryosphere web portal maintained by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute (https://cryo.met.no), provides access to the latest operational data and to the information on the current state of the sea ice, snow, and permafrost in Norway, the Arctic, and the Antarctic. The paper presents the latest addition to this portal on the operational permafrost monitoring by the institute and on the methods for visualising real-time permafrost temperature data. The latest permafrost temperatures are compared to the climatology data from weather stations, including medians, confidence intervals, extremes, and trends. There are additional operational weather stations with extended measurement programs at these locations. The collocated monitoring offers daily updated data for studying and monitoring the current state, trends, and the effects of, e.g., extreme climate events on permafrost temperatures. Ground temperature rates obtained from the long-term records in the warmer permafrost found in Norway are typically 0.1–0.2 °C per decade. In contrast, in the colder permafrost of the high latitudes of Arctic on Svalbard, warming rates are up to 0.7 °C per decade. The operational monitoring provides information faster than ever before, potentially assisting in the early detection of, e.g., high active layer thickness and pronounced permafrost temperature increases. It may also become a cornerstone of early warming systems for natural hazards associated with permafrost warming and degradation. Currently, the data are submitted manually to the international Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost and are scheduled for integration with the operational services of the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) through the WMO Global Cryosphere Watch.

 

Keywords: operational monitoring; cryosphere; climate change; permafrost.

DOI: 10.58339/2949-0677-2024-6-7-8-6-19

UDC: 551.345; 551.583

 

For citation: Isaksen K., Lutz J., Sorensen A.M., Godoy O., Ferrighi L., Eastwood S., Aaboe S. Dostizheniya v provedenii operativnogo monitoringa mnogoletney merzloty na Shpitsbergene i na materikovoy chasti Norvegii [Advances in operational permafrost monitoring on Svalbard and in Norway] (translated from English into Russian) // Geoinfo. 2024. T. 6. № 7. S. 6–19. DOI:10.58339/2949-0677-2024-6-7-8-6-19 (in Rus.).

 

Funding: No information

 

References:

  1. AMAP. Snow, water, ice and permafrost in the arctic (SWIPA): technical report. Oslo: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), 2017.
  2. Belward A., Bourassa M., Dowell M., Briggs S., Dolman H., Holmlund K., Verstraete M. The global observing system for climate: implementation needs: technical report GCOS-200. World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 2016.
  3. Bojinski S., Verstraete M., Peterson T.C., Richter C., Simmons A., Zemp M. The concept of essential climate variables in support of climate research, applications, and policy // Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2014. Vol. 95. P 1431–1443.
  4. Canadell J.G. et al. Global carbon and other biogeochemical cycles and feedbacks // Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (ed. V. Masson-Delmotte et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
  5. Miner K.R., Turetsky M.R., Malina E., Bartsch A., Tamminen J., McGuire A.D., Fix A., Sweeney C., Elder C.D., Miller C.E. // Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 2022. Vol. 3. P. 55–67.
  6. Biskaborn B.K. et al. Permafrost is warming at a global scale // Nat. Commun. 2019. Vol. 10. Article 264.
  7. Smith S.L., O’Neill H.B., Isaksen K., Noetzli J., Romanovsky V.E. The Changing Thermal State of Permafrost // Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 2022. Vol. 3. P. 10–23.
  8. Jones M.K.W., Pollard W.H., Jones B.M. Rapid initialization of retrogressive thaw slumps in the Canadian high Arctic and their response to climate and terrain factors // Environ. Res. Lett. 2019. Vol. 14. N. 5. Article 055006.
  9. Liljedahl A.K. et al. Pan-Arctic ice-wedge degradation in warming permafrost and its influence on tundra hydrology // Nat. Geosci. 2016. Vol. 9. P. 312–318.
  10. Haeberli W., Schaub Y., Huggel C. Increasing risks related to landslides from degrading permafrost into new lakes in de-glaciating mountain ranges // Geomorphology. 2017. Vol. 293. Part B. P. 405–417.
  11. Walvoord M.A., Kurylyk B.L. Hydrologic impacts of thawing permafrost – a review // Vadose Zone J. 2016. Vol. 15. P. 1–20.
  12. Hjort J., Streletskiy D., Dore G., Wu Q., Bjella K., Luoto M. Impacts of permafrost degradation on infrastructure // Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 2022. Vol. 3. P. 24–38.
  13. Bommer C., Phillips M., Arenson L.U. Practical recommendations for planning, constructing and maintaining infrastructure in mountain permafrost // Permafr. Periglac. Process. 2010. Vol. 21. P. 97–104.
  14. Burke E.J., Zhang Y., Krinner G. Evaluating permafrost physics in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) models and their sensitivity to climate change // Cryosphere. 2020. Vol. 14. P. 3155–3174.
  15. Harris C., Haeberli W., Vonder Muhll D., King L. Permafrost monitoring in the high mountains of Europe: the PACE project in its global context // Permafr. Periglac. Process. 2001. Vol. 12. P. 3-11.
  16. Isaksen K., Holmlund P., Sollid J.L., Harris C. Three deep Alpine-permafrost boreholes in Svalbard and Scandinavia // Permafr. Periglac. Process. 2001. Vol. 12. P. 13-25.
  17. Sollid J.L., Holmlund P., Isaksen K., Harris C. Deep permafrost boreholes in western Svalbard, northern Sweden and southern Norway // Nor. J. Geogr. 2000. Vol. 54. P. 186-191.
  18. Isaksen K., Sollid J.L., Holmlund P., Harris C. Recent warming of mountain permafrost in Svalbard and Scandinavia // J. Geophys. Res.: Earth Surf. 2007. Vol. 112. P. 1-11.
  19. Etzelmuller B., Guglielmin M., Hauck C., Hilbich C., Hoelzle M., Isaksen K., Noetzli J., Oliva M., Ramos M. Twenty years of European mountain permafrost dynamics - the PACE legacy // Environ. Res. Lett. 2020. Vol. 15. N. 10. Article 104070.
  20. Sollid J., Isaksen K., Eiken T., Odegard R. The transition zone of mountain permafrost on Dovrefjell, southern Norway // Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Permafrost, Zurich, Switzerland, 2003. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger, 2003. Vol. 2. P. 1085-1090.
  21. Farbrot H., Hipp T.F., Etzelmuller B., Isaksen K., Odegard R.S., Schuler T.V., Humlum O. Air and ground temperature variations observed along elevation and continentality gradients in southern Norway // Permafr. Periglac. Process. 2011. Vol. 22. P. 343-360.
  22. Christiansen H.H. et al. The thermal state of permafrost in the Nordic area during IPY 2007-2009 // Permafr. Periglac. Process. 2010. Vol. 21. P. 156-181.
  23. Pedersen A.O. et al. 2021 Climate-ecological observatory for arctic tundra (COAT) - adaptive system for long-term terrestrial monitoring // Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System: SESS report 2021 (ed. J. Feldner, C. Hubner, H. Lihavainen, R. Neuber, A. Zaborska) Longyearbyen, 2021. P. 38-55.
  24. Noetzli J. et al. Best practice for measuring permafrost temperature in boreholes based on the experience in the Swiss Alps // Front. Earth Sci. 2021. Vol. 9. Article 607875.
  25. Hoelzle M., Wegmann M., Krummenacher B. Miniature temperature dataloggers for mapping and monitoring of permafrost in high mountain areas: first experience from the Swiss Alps // Permafr. Periglac. Process. 1999. Vol. 10. P. 113-124.
  26. Hoelzle M., Haeberli W., Dischl M., Peschke W. Secular glacier mass balances derived from cumulative glacier length changes // Glob. Planet. Change. 2003. Vol. 36. N. 4. P. 295-306.
  27. Fox-Kemper B. et al. Climate Change 2021. Chapter 9. Ocean, cryosphere and sea level change. IPCC AR6 The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the 6th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC AR6) (ed. V. Masson-Delmotte et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. P. 1211-1362.
  28. Druckenmiller M.L. et al. The Arctic // Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2021. Vol. 102. P. 263-316.
  29. Isaksen K., Odegard R.S., Etzelmuller B., Hilbich C., Hauck C., Farbrot H., Eiken T., Hygen H.O., Hipp T.F. Degrading mountain permafrost in southern Norway: spatial and temporal variability of mean ground temperatures, 1999-2009 // Permafr. Periglac. Process. 2011. Vol. 22. P. 361-377.
  30. Luterbacher J., Liniger M.A., Menzel A., Estrella N., Della-Marta P.M., Pfister C., Rutishauser T., Xoplaki E. Exceptional European warmth of autumn 2006 and winter 2007: historical context, the underlying dynamics, and its phenological impacts // Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007. Vol. 34. Article L12704.
  31. Van Oldenborgh G.J. How unusual was autumn 2006 in Europe? // Clim. Past. European Geosciences Union, 2007. Vol. 3. N. 4. P. 659-668. URL: https://cp.copernicus.org/articles/3/659/2007/cp-3-659-2007. html.
  32. Odegard R.S., Nesje A., Isaksen K., Andreassen L.M., Eiken T., Schwikowski M., Uglietti C. Climate change threatens archaeologically significant ice patches: insights into their age, internal structure, mass balance and climate sensitivity // Cryosphere. 2017. Vol. 11. N. 1. P. 17-32.
  33. Finstad E., Vedeler M. En bronsealdersk fra jotunheimen // Viking 2008 (Norsk Arkeologisk ARbok). Oslo: Norwegian Archaeological Society, 2008. Vol. 71. P. 61-70.
  34. Pilo L., Finstad E., Ramsey C.B., Martinsen J.R.P., Nesje A., Solli B., Wangen V., Callanan M., Barrett J.H. The chronology of reindeer hunting on Norway's highest ice patches // R. Soc. Open Sci. 2018. Vol. 5. N. 1. Article 171738.
  35. Ytrehus B., Bretten T., Bergsjo B., Isaksen K. Fatal pneumonia epizootic in musk ox (ovibos moschatus) in a period of extraordinary weather conditions // EcoHealth. 2008. Vol. 5. N. 2. P. 213-223.
  36. Hanssen-Bauer I., Forland E.J., Hisdal H., Mayer S., Sando A.B., Sorteberg A. Climate in Norway 2100 - a knowledge base for climate adaptation: NCCS Report. 2019. Vol. 1.
  37. Isaksen K., Benestad R.E., Harris C., Sollid J.L. Recent extreme near-surface permafrost temperatures on Svalbard in relation to future climate scenarios // Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007. Vol. 34. Article L17502.
  38. Isaksen K. et al. Exceptional warming over the Barents area // Sci. Rep. 2022. Vol. 12. Article 9371.
  39. Haeberli W., Noetzli J., Arenson L., Delaloye R., Gartner-Roer I., Gruber S., Isaksen K., Kneisel C., Krautblatter M., Phillips M. Mountain permafrost: development and challenges of a young research field // J. Glaciol. 2010. Vol. 56. P. 1043-1058.
  40. WMO information system 2.0 strategy: technical report 1213. World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 2018.
  41. Isaksen K., Odegard R.S., Eiken T., Sollid J.L. Composition, flow, and development of two tongue-sharp rock glaciers in the permafrost of Svalbard // Permafr. Periglac. Process. 2000. Vol. 11. P. 241-257.
  42. Christiansen J.R., Rockmann T., Popa M.E., Sapart C.J., Jorgensen C.J. Carbon emissions from the edge of the Greenland ice sheet reveal subglacial processes of methane and carbon dioxide turnover // J. Geophys. Res.: Biogeosci. 2021. Vol. 126. Article e2021JG006308.
  43. Muhll D.S.V., Holub P. Borehole logging in alpine permafrost, upper Engadin, Swiss Alps // Permafr. Periglac. Process. 1992. Vol. 3. N. 2. P. 125-132.
  44. Wilkinson M.D. et al. The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship // Sci. Data. 2016. Vol. 3. Article 160018.

 

Article in RSCI: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=75256090